Klara Systems outlines ZFS database bottleneck diagnosis steps

When diagnosing database bottlenecks on ZFS, teams should investigate storage, RAM, and CPU in a structured order starting from the database's own view of latency. Analyzing storage involves examining latency histograms and per-device iostat rather than averages, checking the recordsize configuration, and addressing sync write pressure or IOPS starvation. RAM effectiveness can be measured using the ARC demand hit ratio via arcstat, while CPU bottlenecks often stem from high compression levels or unaccelerated encryption. Open article →