How L2s Actually Work (6 minute read)
On an L1, all the network's nodes have to process transactions and store data onchain, which is an expensive process causing high transaction fees. L2s use cheaper data and batch transactions together to be executed by an offchain entity, allowing for hundreds more transactions per second than L1s. L2s submit transaction proofs secured by cryptography or staked assets to the L1 for settlement.
Moats in Crypto Markets β A New Framework (1 minute read)
In the competitive crypto protocol industry, it is essential to understand moats and how entrenched specific protocols are. This framework focuses on six verticals β money markets, DEXs, stablecoins, LSTs, third-party bridges, and social apps β and analyzes them for their defensibility. Each vertical has βun-forkableβ properties, like liquidity for a DEX, that keep the incumbents in power, though some properties are stronger than others.